pixel -_- functional definition

pixel

(PIX [picture] ELement) Generally, the smallest addressable unit on a display screen or bitmapped image. Screens are rated by their number of horizontal and vertical pixels; for example, 1024x768 means 1024 pixels are displayed in each row, and there are 768 rows (lines). Likewise, bitmapped images are sized in pixels: a 350x250 image has 350 pixels across and 250 down.      With color systems, each pixel contains red, green and blue subpixels, and the subpixel is actually the smallest addressable unit. The monitor's circuits address subpixels, and the software may also. When referring to hardware at the lowest level, the term "pixel" often really refers to "subpixel." See dead pixel. Pixel Structures In storage, pixels are made up of one or more bits. The greater this "bit depth," the more shades or colors can be represented. The most economical system is monochrome, which uses one bit per pixel (on/off). Gray scale and color typically use 4 to 24 bits per pixel, providing 16 to 16 million colors. See bit depth. Displaying the Pixel On a display screen, pixels are either phosphor or liquid crystal elements. For monochrome, the element is either energized fully or not. For gray scale, the pixel is energized with different intensities, creating a range from light to dark. For color displays, the red, green and blue subpixels are each energized to a particular intensity, and the combination of the three color intensities creates the perceived color to the eye. See resolution and vertex shader. A Monochrome Bitmap The simplest pixel representation is a black and white monochrome image in which one bit represents one pixel. Monochrome CRTs use white, green or amber phosphors as a single color over a gray/black screen background. Pixel Resolutions These are the primary resolutions displayed on a PC. With more pixels on screen, more of the document is visible, but the text and images will appear smaller.

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prior digital art >-_-< or programmer's jokes ?!?

«•´`•.(*•.¸(`•.¸ ¸.•´)¸.•*).•´`•»
«-¨¨-_-_- united minds -_-_-¨¨-»
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What if…OS zealots ran major airlines?

What if…OS zealots ran major airlines?
Found on Zyra.org:
"Different operating systems. Different styles. But what if the quirks and styles of the different operating systems were applied to AIRLINES? What if airlines ran things the way operating systems do? This humorous analogy, applying operating system philosophies as if they were airlines, is a long-standing much-circulated amusing story…". For example:
· Mac Airlines:"All the stewards, captains, baggage handlers, and ticket agents look and act exactly the same. Every time you ask questions about details, you are gently but firmly told that you don't need to know, don't want to know, and everything will be done for you without your ever having to know, so just shut up."
· Air DOS:"Everybody pushes the airplane until it glides, then they jump on and let the plane coast until it hits the ground again. Then they push again, jump on again, and so on…"
· Windows Air:"The terminal is pretty and colourful, with friendly stewards, easy baggage check and boarding, and a smooth take-off. After about 10 minutes in the air, the plane explodes with no warning whatsoever."
· Linux Air:"Disgruntled employees of all the other OS airlines decide to start their own airline. They build the planes, ticket counters, and pave the runways themselves. They charge a small fee to cover the cost of printing the ticket, but you can also download and print the ticket yourself. When you board the plane, you are given a seat, four bolts, a wrench and a copy of the seat-HOWTO.html. Once settled, the fully adjustable seat is very comfortable, the plane leaves and arrives on time without a single problem, the in-flight meal is wonderful. You try to tell customers of the other airlines about the great trip, but all they can say is, 'You had to do what with the seat?'"
And that's only half the list. Got any you want to add?
Different operating systems. Different styles. But what if the quirks and styles of the different operating systems were applied to AIRLINES? What if airlines ran things the way operating systems do? This humorous analogy, applying operating system philosophies as if they were airlines, is a long-standing much-circulated amusing story, and we'd credit the author if we knew who wrote it!
If Operating Systems Ran The Airlines...

UNIX Airways: Everyone brings one piece of the plane along when they come to the airport. They all go out on the runway and put the plane together piece by piece, arguing non-stop about what kind of plane they are supposed to be building.

Air DOS: Everybody pushes the airplane until it glides, then they jump on and let the plane coast until it hits the ground again. Then they push again, jump on again, and so on...

Mac Airlines: All the stewards, captains, baggage handlers, and ticket agents look and act exactly the same. Every time you ask questions about details, you are gently but firmly told that you don't need to know, don't want to know, and everything will be done for you without your ever having to know, so just shut up.

Windows Air: The terminal is pretty and colourful, with friendly stewards, easy baggage check and boarding, and a smooth take-off. After about 10 minutes in the air, the plane explodes with no warning whatsoever.

Windows NT: Air Just like Windows Air, but costs more, uses much bigger planes, and takes out all the other aircraft within a 40-mile radius when it explodes.Windows XP Air You turn up at the airport, which is under contract to only allow XP Air planes. All the aircraft are identical, brightly coloured and three times as big as they need to be. The signs are huge and all point the same way. Whichever way you go, someone pops up dressed in a cloak and pointed hat insisting you follow him. Your luggage and clothes are taken off you and replaced with an XP Air suit and suitcase identical to everyone around you as this is included in the exorbitant ticket cost. The aircraft will not take off until you have signed a contract. The in-flight entertainment promised turns out to be the same Mickey Mouse cartoon repeated over and over again. You have to phone your travel agent before you can have a meal or drink. You are searched regularly throughout the flight. If you go to the toilet twice or more you get charged for a new ticket. No matter what destination you booked you will always end up crash landing at Whistler in Canada.
Linux Air: Disgruntled employees of all the other OS airlines decide to start their own airline. They build the planes, ticket counters, and pave the runways themselves. They charge a small fee to cover the cost of printing the ticket, but you can also download and print the ticket yourself.When you board the plane, you are given a seat, four bolts, a wrench and a copy of the seat-HOWTO.html. Once settled, the fully adjustable seat is very comfortable, the plane leaves and arrives on time without a single problem, the in-flight meal is wonderful. You try to tell customers of the other airlines about the great trip, but all they can say is, "You had to do what with the seat?"

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Image File Types - File extensions used for Image files

http://www.fileinfo.net/filetypes/video
http://www.fileinfo.net/filetypes/data



http://www.fileinfo.net/filetypes/image

http://www.fileinfo.net/filetypes/text
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A Brief History of Programming Languages

We've come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming.
ca. 1946: Konrad Zuse , a German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess.
1949
Short Code: the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language.
1951
Grace Hopper : working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC.
1952
Alick E. Glennie: in his spare time at the University of Manchester, devises a programming system called AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler.
1957
FORTRAN --mathematical FORmula TRANslating system--appears. Heading the team is John Backus, who goes on to contribute to the development of ALGOL and the well-known syntax-specification system known as BNF.
1958
FORTRAN II appears, able to handle subroutines and links to assembly language. John McCarthy at M.I.T. begins work on LISP--LISt Processing.
The original specification for ALGOL appears. The specific ation does not describe how data will be input or output; that is left to the individual implementations.
1959
LISP 1.5 appears. COBOL is created by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL).
1960
ALGOL 60 , the first block-structured language, appears. This is the root of the family tree that will ultimately produce the likes of Pascal. ALGOL goes on to become the most popular language in Europe in the mid- to late-1960s.
Sometime in the early 1960s , Kenneth Iverson begins work on the language that will become APL--A Programming Language. It uses a specialized character set that, for proper use, requires APL-compatible I/O devices.
1962
APL is documented in Iverson's book, A Pro gramming Language .
FORTRAN IV appears.
Work begins on the sure-fire winner of the "clever acronym" award, SNOBOL--StriNg-Oriented symBOlic Language. It will spawn other clever acronyms: FASBOL, a SNOBOL compiler (in 1971), and SPITBOL--SPeedy ImplemenTation of snoBOL--also in 1971.
1963
ALGOL 60 is revised.
Work begins on PL/1.
1964
APL\360 is implemented.
At Dartmouth University , professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invent BASIC. The first implementation is a compiler. The first BASIC program runs at about 4:00 a.m. on May 1, 1964
PL/1 is released.
1965: SNOBOL3 appears.
1966
FORTRAN 66 appears.
LISP 2 appears.
Work begins on LOGO at Bolt, Beranek, & Newman. The team is headed by Wally Fuerzeig and includes Seymour Papert. LOGO is best known for its "turtle graphics."
1967: SNOBOL4 , a much-enhanced SNOBOL, appears.
1968
ALGOL 68 , a monster compared to ALGOL 60, appears. Some members of the specifications committee--including C.A.R. Hoare and Niklaus Wirth--protest its approval. ALGOL 68 proves difficult to implement.
ALTRAN , a FORTRAN variant, appears.
COBOL is officially defined by ANSI.
Niklaus Wirth begins work on Pascal.
1969: 500 people attend an APL conference at IBM's headquarters in Armonk, New York. The demands for APL's distribution are so great that the event is later referred to as "The March on Armonk."
1970
Sometime in the early 1970s , Charles Moore writes the first significant programs in his new language, Forth.
Work on Prolog begins about this time.
Also sometime in the early 1970s , work on Smalltalk begins at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay. Early versions will include Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, and Smalltalk-76.
An implementation of Pascal appears on a CDC 6000-series computer.
Icon , a descendant of SNOBOL4, appears.
1972
The manuscript for Konrad Zuse's Plankalkul (see 1946) is finally published.
Denni s Ritchie produces C. The definitive reference manual for it will not appear until 1974.
The first implementation of Prolog -- by Alain Colmerauer and Phillip Roussel -- appears.
1974: Another ANSI specification for COBOL appears.
1975
Tiny BASIC by Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison (implementation by Dick Whipple and John Arnold) runs on a microcomputer in 2 KB of RAM. A 4-KB machine is sizable, which left 2 KB available for the program.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen write a version of BASIC that they sell to MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) on a per-copy royalty basis. MITS is producing the Altair, an 8080-based microcomputer.
Scheme , a LISP dialect by G.L. Steele and G.J. Sussman, appears.
Pascal User Manual and Report , by Jensen and Wirth, is published. Still considered by many to be the definitive reference on Pascal.
B.W. Kerninghan describes RATFOR--RATional FORTRAN. It is a preprocessor that allows C-like control structures in FORTRAN. RATFOR is used in Kernighan and Plauger's "Software Tools," which appears in 1976.
1976: Design System Language , considered to be a forerunner of PostScript, appears.
1977
The ANSI standard for MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System -- appears. Used originally to handle medical records, MUMPS recognizes only a string data-type. Later renamed M.
The design competition that will produce Ada begins. Honeywell Bull's team, led by Jean Ichbiah, will win the competition.
Kim Harris and others set up FIG, the FORTH interest group. They develop FIG-FORTH, which they sell for around $20.
Sometime in the late 1970s , Kenneth Bowles produces UCSD Pascal, which makes Pascal available on PDP-11 and Z80-based computers.
Niklaus Wirth begins work on Modula, forerunner of Modula-2 and successor to Pascal.
1978: AWK -- a text-processing language named after the designers, Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan -- appears.
The ANSI standard for FORTRAN 77 appears.
1980
Smalltalk-80 appears.
Modula-2 appears.
Franz LISP appears.
Bjarne Stroustrup develops a set of languages -- collectively referred to as "C With Classes" -- that serve as the breeding ground for C++.
1981
Effort begins on a common dialect of LISP, referred to as Common LISP.
Japan begins the Fifth Generation Computer System project. The primary language is Prolog.
1982
ISO Pascal appears.
PostScript appears.
1983
Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg et al is published.
Ada appears . Its name comes from Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the English poet Byron. She has been called the first computer programmer because of her work on Charles Babbage's analytical engine. In 1983, the Department of Defense directs that all new "mission-critical" applications be written in Ada.
In late 1983 and early 1984, Microsoft and Digital Research both release the first C compilers for microcomputers.
In July , the first implementation of C++ appears. The name is coined by Rick Mascitti.
In November , Borland's Turbo Pascal hits the scene like a nuclear blast, thanks to an advertisement in BYTE magazine.
1984
A reference manual for APL2 appears. APL2 is an extension of APL that permits nested arrays.
1985
Forth controls the submersible sled that locates the wreck of the Titanic.
Vanilla SNOBOL4 for microcomputers is released.
Methods , a line-oriented Smalltalk for PCs, is introduced.
1986
Smalltalk/V appears--the first widely av ailable version of Smalltalk for microcomputers.
Apple releases Object Pascal for the Mac.
Borland releases Turbo Prolog.
Charles Duff releases Actor, an object-oriented language for developing Microsoft Windows applications.
Eiffel , another object-oriented language, appears.
C++ appears.
1987: Turbo Pascal version 4.0 is released.
1988
The specification for CLOS -- Common LISP Object System -- is published.
Niklaus Wirth finishes Oberon, his follow-up to Modula-2.
1989
The ANSI C specification is published.
C++ 2.0 arrives in the form of a draft reference manu al. The 2.0 version adds features such as multiple inheritance and pointers to members.
1990
C++ 2.1 , detailed in Annotated C++ Reference Manual by B. Stroustrup et al, is published. This adds templates and exception-handling features.
FORTRAN 90 includes such new elements as case statements and derived types.
Kenneth Iverson and Roger Hui present J at the APL90 conference.
1991: Visual Basic wins BYTE's Best of Show award at Spring COMDEX.
1992: Dylan -- named for Dylan Thomas -- an object-oriented language resembling Scheme, is released by Apple.
1993: ANSI releases the X3J4.1 technical report -- the first-draft proposal for (gulp) object-oriented COBOL. The standard is expected to be finalized in 1997.
1994: Microsoft incorporates Visual Basic for Applications into Excel.
1995: In February , ISO accepts the 1995 revision of the Ada language. Called Ada 95, it includes OOP features and support for real-time systems.
1996: Anticipated release of first ANSI C++ standard .

Her HindSight and ForeSight Were Both 20/20
"It's better to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission."-_-The Late Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, who led the effort to create COBOL

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